Peres is a Portuguese, Galician, and Sephardic-Jewish surname. Its Spanish variant is Pérez.

In the Hungarian language, it means litigant ("peres fél"). It is common in both forms Peres and Perez as well as Peretz among descendants of Sephardi Jews in Puerto Rico.

In Hebrew (פרס  [ˈpeʁes]), it is the name of the bird species "Gypaetus barbatus" (lammergeier). However, Peres, Perez, and Peretz are the transliteration of the Hebrew פרץ son of Tamar and Judah. In the biblical Book of Daniel, the words which form the "writing on the wall" at Belshazzar's feast are recorded initially as mene, mene, tekel, upharsin (Daniel 5:25) but the final word is given as peres in verse 28, where its meaning is said to be "Your kingdom has been divided, and given to the Medes and Persians".

People with the surname Peres include:

• Adans Lopez Peres (born 1975), Portuguese second husband of Princess Stéphanie of Monaco
• Asher Peres (1934-2005), Israeli physicist (born Aristide Pressman)
• Bernardo Peres da Silva (1775-1844), the only native governor of Portuguese India
• Cristiana Peres (born 1987), Brazilian actress
• Fernão Peres de Trava (c.1090-1155), Galician medieval nobleman
• Javier Peres (20th-21st century), American art dealer
• Marinho Peres (born 1947), Brazilian footballer
• Paio Peres Correia (born c. 1205), Portuguese medieval nobleman
• Shimon Peres (1923-2016), Israeli politician (born Szymon Perski)
• Sonia Peres (1923-2011), Israeli first lady
• Valdir Peres (1951-2017), Brazilian footballer
• Vimara Peres (died 873), Galician medieval count and first Count of Portucale
• Peres (Portuguese footballer) (born 1939), full name António Francisco de Jesus Moreira, Portuguese football midfielder
• Peres (Brazilian footballer) (born 1974), full name Peres Spíndula de Oliveira, Brazilian football forward